migration

Ep 013: Monarch Butterflies with Emma Pelton

Emma Pelton poses in front of a cool rock feature (photo courtesy of the Xerces Society)

In this episode, we answer questions like "How do monarchs know where to go on their migration?" and learn about the Monarch Butterfly mysteries still to be uncovered with our Monarch Butterfly expert Emma Pelton, conservation biologist for the Xerces Society.

⁠See the work of the Xerces Society

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Transcription

Hey, and welcome to Questions Asked by Curious Kids or QuACK, a podcast made by Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance. This is a podcast where we gather questions about nature from kids to be answered with a local expert. My name is Mickenzee, I'm an educator, and I'll be the host for this series. And this episode I'll be interviewing Emma Pelton, a conservation biologist at the Xerces Society. I know I usually have experts that are in Wisconsin, but this time our expert is someone who grew up in Madison, and her super cool job has her living in Portland, Oregon. And today she'll be talking about monarch butterflies. Let's get started with Emma.

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Mickenzee: Hey, Emma, welcome to the show. So I know you grew up in Wisconsin, and maybe we'll talk about that in a little bit. But before we get started with the questions from the kids, can you tell us a little bit about your job?

Emma: Yeah. Thanks so much for having me. I love my job. I work at the Xerces Society, and we're a nonprofit focused on invertebrates and their habitats. So we broadly work, across anything that doesn't have a spine that lives on land or freshwater. And so we work on many different insects, but also mussels and snails and things of that kind. And I get to work specifically at my job on Western Monarch Butterflies. So monarchs that grow up as caterpillars west of the Rocky Mountains and primarily overwinter or, another fancy word for just spending the winter at coastal groves of trees in mostly, coastal California and then all the way down into Baja California, which is northern Mexico.

Mickenzee: Wow. So listeners might not know this, but Emma is calling in from Portland, Oregon. Yeah. So you're out on the coast and that. So that's a different population of butterflies than the ones we see here in Madison, right?

Map of Monarch Migration (photo by USFWS)

Emma: Yeah, there's the eastern population and the western population. But we know they're not genetically distinct. And they cross those mountains. Now there's unique migration. So the monarchs you all see in Wisconsin go down and funnel through Texas and Oklahoma, and then they go into, Michoacan area of Mexico and are spending the winter in really high mountains in the middle of the continent, as opposed to the butterflies I work on, which are spread out across the west. And then they go to coastal California, really close to the beach. So both populations have this very different migratory path, but they're really the same butterflies. And we know there's a lot of flow between the two populations.

Mickenzee: Very cool. I think if I were a butterfly, I'd probably be a Western Monarch so that I could spend my winter on the beach too, that sounds pretty cool.

Emma: I know, they choose a really good, convenient location, like trekking into high forests in Mexico.

Mickenzee: And Emma, you grew up here around Madison. And did you have an interest in monarchs even when you lived in Wisconsin?

Emma: Yeah, I definitely grew up loving the outdoors, loving being outside. And my dream was definitely if I could work, not in an office, but be outside. And now I work in an office and I get to be outside. But, yeah, my parents took us, you know, camping and hiking and canoeing and just even, like, exploring in Six Mile Creek. I grew up north of Madison in Waunakee, just all those, you know, experiences to have really, hands-on engagement with the world. And so definitely always had an interest. And I remember, finding a monarch caterpillar with my sister in our garden and raising it and letting it, you know, out in the world and then liking to imagine that every year that same butterfly was coming to visit us. Yeah, that butterfly was long gone. But maybe, it's great great grandchildren who were coming back. So, yeah, I think that that connection and what I love about monarchs is that they're found in so many places. They are not just found, you know, in natural areas or pristine habitat. They're found in milkweed growing in a crack in your driveway. You know, that can host a monarch. So I think just the ability for these butterflies to move over huge landscapes and, you know, visit people in rural areas and natural areas in cities and suburbs and everywhere in between is really incredible.

Mickenzee: Yeah, it's a really cool species that a lot of people can be familiar with. So all of our questions today were submitted by the third graders at Lincoln Elementary School. Our first question is “Why do monarchs migrate?”

Emma: It's a great question, and I think the most honest answer is we are still learning why they migrate. But we have some ideas. And so, like birds, you know, they're often tracking the weather, they're tracking food. They may be escaping diseases or predators, things that want to eat them. So if you think about Wisconsin in the winter, it's not the best place if you're a little fragile butterfly. So you're going to need to escape those freezing temperatures. And so we know that in the fall that they're really driven to escape those freezing temperatures to go somewhere where they can, it's warm enough that they're not going to freeze, but it's not so warm that they're going to use up all of their energy.

Mickenzee: So what is, and this is my own question, So what is the signal to butterflies to start migrating?

Monarch emerging on drying plant (photo by USFWS)

Emma: This, I think, is even more of a mystery. We’re still figuring this out because, you know, I mean, bird migrations. Incredible. But you think about birds, you know, live on average multiple years, they’re maybe with other birds, you know, a parent or a flock can teach them. These butterflies are really on their own. You know, they didn't go on this journey. Their parents didn't go on this journey. It was probably their great, great grandparents that did this journey. So there is some instinct there, some, you know, need to migrate. But we think that they use a combination of the angle of the sun. Probably their food is getting worse. The milkweeds that they're using are dying back, so there's probably some signal just from what they're eating. They may be using temperature and other weather cues that, you know, starting to feel like fall. So all of that kind of triggers that need to migrate. And what's really cool about that generation that grew up on that milkweed late in the summer is that instead of spending a lot of energy building reproductive organs, they focus more on building up fat reserves so they can make this really long journey. They will still eat as they go, but they need enough, to start out with, to make it, you know, actually, a lot of them don't make it because it's a really hard journey. So those are all the reasons why they start moving. And then, you know, how they navigate is a whole other mystery.

Mickenzee: Wow, that's so cool that there's so much still out there to learn. Okay, our next question is how do the monarchs know where to go? It's such a long journey.

Monarch butterflies huddled together on migration (photo by USFWS)

Emma: Yeah, I think in general we think that they are kind of driven to start flying south and depending on where they are in Canada and the United States, they might be going southwest, they might be going southeast. It kind of depends. They're probably using large topographic features like mountains. Right. And they're going to go to the path of least resistance. They're going to follow wind currents. They're not going to go over a mountain if they don't have to. So they're probably funneling down, rivers and again, like following the paths of mountains. And then in general, we think that they're probably using up the magnetic compass of the Earth. And then they're using visual cues as well. So all of that wind, magnets, sun, it's kind of amazing. And then once they actually get to where they're going. So they're kind of zeroing in on the parts of Mexico where they overwinter or coastal California, then how they really select, you know, which tree they're going to land on is another great mystery. And in general, at this point, we think that they are probably finding places where there are already other monarchs. But that very first monarch, why it picks where it picks, we see sometimes they land on the same branch of the same tree. And like, that feels a little bit like magic. And we don't quite understand how they know to go to that exact spot.

Mickenzee: Oh, that's so cool and exciting. Okay, so I think our questions get a little more complicated after this. This one is really interesting to me. Do monarchs think? And if so, what do they think about?

Monarch Butterfly sipping on nectar (photo by USFWS)

Emma: I loved this one when you sent it because I think the answer is yes, of course there is some kind of, you know, neural connection there. They have little insect brains. They're definitely thinking they're reacting to their environment. They can learn, you know, in experiments, which, colors or flower shapes are going to provide more food, more nectar. But are they thinking in the sense of, you know, being self-conscious and saying, I am a monarch? You know, I don't think we think animals, like, insects, have that amount of cognition. So I think it's probably more in the order of reacting, you know, to kind of what they're learning, building memories. And then, you know, they have these drives to reproduce, to migrate. And so there's probably some thinking in the sense about , that those actions.

Mickenzee: Very cool. Yeah. Oh, that's such a fun thought to think about too. Like, maybe when they're all clustered together in the tree, are they like, oh, is this so cozy? Or like, oh, hey, I remember you. We grew up on the same milkweed patch.

Emma: They're not social. And yet they have this like component that we view as like very social. Just kind of interesting.

Mickenzee: Our last question is a very sweet one. And it's do monarchs communicate with each other and do they help each other and support each other.

Monarch Caterpillar feast (photo by USFWS)

Emma: Yeah. No. Similar vein. You know, I think some of these are ideas. You know, we can't anthropomorphize or like we can't think about them like they're humans in the same way, but they definitely are communicating. It's a little different than us. They actually don't hear very well, and they make very minimal sounds. You could sometimes hear wing beats, but, so a lot of our verbal, you know, hearing communication that's not accessible to them. So they’re really using taste, smell, visual cues. They have big beautiful eyes if you look up close on a monarch with all these facets. So they're very visual creatures. So they are seeing each other and that's how they find mates. That's how a female, if she goes to lay an egg, may notice that there are other eggs or caterpillars on a single milkweed. And may choose to lay eggs elsewhere so they don't compete or accidentally get eaten. So they are communicating in that way. And definitely, you know, using their feet as their primary sources of, kind of tasting and smelling, their proboscis is a really fancy long butterfly tongue. So it's really different than what we think about. But I think their use of their eyes are very similar to how we, sense the world and thus communicate by seeing one another.

Mickenzee: Very cool. Yeah. It's so interesting to think about how all different animals view and sense the world in a completely different way than us.

Emma: And I didn't answer the second part of that question of just like how they help each other, and I was going to say, I think they do in the winter. And this is where the fact that they group together is not by chance. We think that they are grouping together. Which allows them in the spring and there's very few of them left to whoever has made it through this long migration, this hard winter. Then they have mates at the ready. So kind of similar to when we think about snakes or other animals getting together. It's kind of that allows the few that made it through to be close together, but they're probably also helping each other avoid predators, predators less likely to eat you. If you're with a whole bunch of other butterflies, your chances are lower. And so just that piece of it, is probably really important. And then there could be some amount, like penguins or something. We're really famous of, like how they regulate heat or, you know, termites or honeybee colonies. It's a little less understood and probably not as big of a factor, but there probably is some amount of like just physical protection to be in a group really clustered tightly together versus being out on your own from like a warmth perspective.

Mickenzee: Yeah. Yeah. It's by like grouping together and helping a community or kind of helping yourself too.

Emma: Totally

Mickenzee: Awesome. Well, thank you to the Lincoln third graders for asking your nature questions. And thanks, Emma, for coming on to teach us today.

Emma: Thanks so much for having me.

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If you're interested in learning more or getting involved with our programs, please head to our website swibirds.org and check out the free lessons, games and activities.

You can check out our insect lessons or Monarch Migration obstacle course. If you want to get outside with us, check out our events calendar for things like monarch tagging. If you have a big nature question of your own that you'd like to have answered, please have your teacher or a grown up submit your question to info@swibirds.org with the title questions for QuACK.

Make sure to include your grade in the school you attend so I can give you a shout out. Thanks for tuning in and I hope you join us next time on QuACK!


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Audio Editing and Transcription by Mickenzee Okon

Logo design by Carolyn Byers and Kaitlin Svabek

Music: “The Forest and the Trees” by Kevin MacLeod

Ep 002: Bird Collisions with Brenna Marsicek (3-part episode!)

Brenna Marsicek holding a fluffy American Kestrel chick (photo by Mickenzee Okon/SoWBA).

In this multi-part episode, we talk all about the challenge that glass and other reflective surfaces pose to birds, and what groups like Bird Collision Corps (BCC) do to help with Brenna Marsicek, the Director of Outreach at Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance.

Click the play buttons below to hear this episode or scroll past to see the transcription with some helpful images!

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Transcription

Part One

Hey and welcome to Questions Asked by Curious Kids or ,QuACK, a podcast made by Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance. This is a podcast where we gather questions about nature from kids to be answered with a local expert. My name is Mickenzee. I’m an educator and  I’m going to be the host for this series. This episode I’ll be interviewing Brenna Marsicek, the Director of Outreach here at Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance, and she’s going to be talking about why birds hit windows and what we can do to help. This episode is pretty special because there are THREE parts. In this first part we’ll be talking all about citizen science and what the Bird Collision Corps does. In part two, we’ll talk and answer some questions submitted by kids and in part three we’ll talk about solutions that help birds see and avoid glass. Let’s jump in with Brenna!

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Mickenzee: All right. Hey, Brenna. Welcome on. 

Brenna: Thank you. It's good to be here. 

Mickenzee: Yeah. Okay, let's start off with, could you tell us a little bit about what you do? 

Brenna: Sure. So my official title is Director of Outreach. But I sort of consider myself the director of the fun stuff because a lot of what I do is planning events, and running programs, and working a lot with people who love birds, and engaging with people in ways that they can learn more about birds or help birds, or just deepen their experiences with nature. And so it's really, really fun. So I help plan our field trips and our adult education courses. I run the Bird Collision Corps program, as well as help support the Bald Eagle Nest Watch program. I help support our Kestrel Nest Box Monitoring Program, and I organize the Madison area Christmas Bird Count. And so basically, it's like whatever fun thing you want to do with birds, I get to somehow be part of it.

Mickenzee: Yeah, a little bit of everything. That's so great. This episode, we're answering big questions about bird collisions, and you mentioned Bird Collision Corps. Could you tell us a little bit about how you became an expert? 

Brenna: Yeah. So, you know, I know a fair amount about bird collisions, though I wouldn't consider myself an expert. And that's kind of, I think, how it should be. Right? Like we're always learning more. But when I first became involved with the bird collision issue, we were working with people on campus at the UW–Madison to start a study that looked at which buildings on campus were problematic for birds and hitting windows specifically. So at the time, you know, I wasn't really familiar with the bird collision issue. And I remember as a kid, the first time I observed this problem, I was getting my haircut and I was at my hair cutter's house and we were chit chatting. And I was probably ten years old or so, so like, you know, maybe a fifth grader and, you know, all of a sudden from the next room, we hear this huge crash and we rush into the room. There on the floor of her dining room was a Ring-necked Pheasant. 

Male Ring-necked Pheasant (photo by Arlene Koziol).

Mickenzee: Oh my goodness. 

Brenna: And surrounded by a shattered glass. And then we looked up at what used to be a window, which was no more, and then out at the beautifully landscaped backyard. And it was you know, as a rural setting. So there were pheasants and other types of wildlife, just like all over her yard, and so it wasn't hard to connect the dots of what happened there. That bird flew at the window and hit so hard it, you know, destroyed the window and died immediately. And I thought that that was a freak accident, that like me and just like a few other people in the world had experienced this. And then, you know, the 20 some years since then, I've learned that this is anything but rare, right? Like birds die after hitting windows a lot up to a billion birds every year. 

Mickenzee: Oh my goodness.

Brenna: So it's, you know, so this project came up where we wanted to study where birds are hitting windows on campus because there was conversation about how buildings are being constructed on campus and designed. And, you know, there are a lot of buildings that use a lot of glass now. And, you know, people were asking, is this a problem for birds? And we couldn't say for sure on campus whether it was a problem for birds. So we decided to start studying it and use, with the help of volunteers who go out and do these surveys every morning during spring and fall migration, so that we could learn which buildings are problematic. Why are they problematic? Can we fix any of those problem windows and save a lot of birds in the meanwhile? 

Mickenzee: Wow! I love how you have a personal connection. You have a big question and then you're working on how to answer it. 

Brenna: Yeah that's science right? Like that's how everybody gets into science I think is you have something that just like sparks that curiosity and then you just need to know more.

Mickenzee: Yeah.

Brenna: And in this case it's really, I think extra cool because you can have a really positive result from it. You know, it really positively impacts the bird population. If it's done right, you can do something about it and solve some problems. 

Mickenzee: That's so cool. Okay. So today all of our questions were submitted by third graders at Lincoln Elementary School here in Madison. And they were volunteers with the Bird Collision Corps. Could you walk us through what it looks like to be a volunteer with Bird Collision Corps? 

BCC survey kit (photo by Brenna Marsicek/SoWBA).

Brenna: Absolutely. So for our typical volunteer who's usually an adult, they, go on to our website and pick a spot where they want to do their surveys. So we have like a menu of options for buildings that people can survey. So they pick which one they want to survey and which day of the week they want to do it. And that day of the week for six weeks, they go out to their building, they walk around the outside of it and they're basically looking at the ground the whole time to see if they can find any birds that are on the ground underneath these windows, because that would be a sign that that bird hit the window and dropped to the ground right there. 

White-throated Sparrow being collected for BCC (photo by Brenna Marsicek/SoWBA).

So they have a survey kit. They've already done their training, so they're ready to go. They know what to do in their survey kit. They have the supplies that they need. So they have their observation form and they have baggies and slips and gloves and all sorts of things. So as they're walking around, if they see a bird that is dead, they fill out a form and they put it in the bag and they turn it into us so that we can examine it a little more. And then if they find a bird that's been injured, they put that bird into like a shoe box or a paper grocery bag, and they bring it to the Dane County Humane Society's Wildlife Center, where they will hopefully be able to help the bird get back to good physical health and then back into the wild. 

So after they've done this for, you know, six weeks in spring or fall, they will have submitted all of the data for their observations, you know, so every time they see a bird that has hit a window, they fill out their observation form. And at the end of the season, we collect everyone's observations and then we analyze it. So we look at how many and when and where, and we try to really fine tune where these problems exist so that we can help the building owners do something about it. And then we try to come up with a good list of recommendations for what that building owner can do to fix their window that would prevent birds from hitting it. 

So in the case of like the Lincoln Elementary students who did this, a group of students there each morning during their survey period when they were in school, students would walk around the outside of Lincoln Elementary and do the same exact thing. So they follow the same protocols that the adults do. 

They asked really good questions, and they noticed really good things about what was happening in nature in general, you know, so they would notice when there were certain birds coming back in and singing or calling, you know, and so they would notice, oh, the Blue Jays are calling a lot today. I wonder what's going on. And so they made really good nature observations while they were out looking for these bird collisions. So they did their walks around the building every morning. they didn't necessarily find a ton of birds, but we can talk a little bit more about that later if you want to. 

And that's a good thing. And so you know, having whatever amount of birds that, you know, the person finds at the building, that's an important number. Like that's what we want to know. We hope that they find none because that means that no birds died there. But if they do find some, then we can work on figuring out how to fix that problem area.

Mickenzee: Oh wow. That's great. 

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If you are interested in learning more about Bird Collisions Corps or getting involved  in other citizen science projects, please head to our website swibirds.org and go on over to the engage tab and click on citizen science. This is where you can find projects like Bird Collision Corps, and more of the projects that Brenna mentioned. Don’t forget to check out our events calendar to see what field trips and education opportunities are coming up. If you would like to learn more about birds and migration please head to the education tab and under free lessons and activities you will find games like migration obstacle course which highlight the struggles that birds face during migration.

And please please please be sure to come back to listen to part 2 and 3 to learn more about bird collisions and what we can do about it!

If you have a big nature question that you would like to have answered, please have a grown up or teacher submit your question to info@swibirds.org with the title “Questions for QuACK” Make sure to include your grade and school that you attend so I can give you a shout out! 

Thanks for tuning in and I hope you join us next time on QuACK!

Part Two

Hey and welcome to Questions Asked by Curious Kids, or QuACK, a podcast made by Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance.This is a podcast where we gather questions about nature from kids to be answered with a local expert. My name is Mickenzee. I’m an educator, and  I’ll be the host for this series. This is part two to our bird collisions episode where we’ll be answering questions submitted by kids! If you haven’t listened to part 1, I recommend starting there, so you know all about how citizen scientists with the Bird Collision Corps collect data and learn about birds hitting windows. Ok let’s get started! 

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Mickenzee: Okay, so this student asks, why do birds chase their reflections in windows sometimes? And I bet a lot of people wonder the same thing.

Brenna:  Yeah, it's a very good question. And it seems really bizarre to us as people because when we look in a window and we see ourselves, you know, it's kind of goofy and we like, make faces at ourselves or wave or whatever, or just recognize that that's a reflection. But when a bird looks into a window and sees its reflection, it doesn't realize it's itself that it's seeing. 

So in spring, birds are setting up their nesting territory, and part of their job, especially the males, is to chase out any intruders that would be in their nesting territory. And so there are some species that are like even more likely to do this, you know, attack themselves in the window like cardinals and robins and even like sandhill cranes and turkeys do this a lot. They're really territorial. They make sure that there's no one in their area that could interfere with their nest. And so they're doing what they should be doing, which is protecting their nesting territory.

But the problem is, of course, that they're not actually defending the nest area against someone else. They're just attacking their reflection. So the way that we fix that is to try to eliminate that reflection that they see in the window. And so that's where a lot of these solutions come into play, is when we put something on the outside of the window that breaks up that reflection, and the bird recognizes that that's something that's not another bird or their reflection there. 

Mickenzee: Oh, gotcha. Yeah. All right. And so our next question is they learned that a bat hit the windows just like the birds do and they're wondering why would a bat hit the windows if they use echolocation?

Brenna: Oh, what a good question. 

Mickenzee: Yeah.

Graphic on how bats perceive glass. Credit: 
Stilz, Peter. "How glass fronts deceive bats." Science 357, 977-978 (2017). DOI: 10.1126/science.aao2989

Brenna: I love that. Someone was really thinking when they asked this question. So yes, bats do use echolocation when they're flying, which is a way for them to bounce noise or something that they can detect off of objects around them, so they know when there is something solid that they can't fly at, where it's clear space that they can fly through, and so on.

The problem with windows is that it's sort of like a mirror, where you have to be in just the right spot in front of it in order to see your reflection. And if you're kind of off to the side and you look in the mirror, you don't see your own reflection, it just bounces off and you see some other reflection of something else that's in the room.

So with a bat flying toward glass, if it's sending out its signal, if it's not directly in front of the window, the window will bounce that signal off, and it won't be able to receive the message back that there's something solid in front of it.

Mickenzee: That's so interesting.

Brenna: So then, yeah, then it ends up continuing to fly toward it because it doesn't perceive that there's something solid there.

So it's not very often that one of our volunteers will find a bat at the bottom of the window. It's happened maybe a handful of times since we started the program in 2018, but it definitely does happen. And it's very sad because just like birds, bats face a lot of problems as it is, and they do not need additional dangers like buildings to cause problems for them.

Mickenzee: Definitely. I learned something brand new today. Wow. Okay, so after all the data was collected for fall migration, the kids noticed something interesting. They noticed that two schools did not have many bird window collisions during fall migration, and they wonder if there are people around early in the morning that maybe scare the birds. And maybe that's why there's not as many birds flying into windows at the schools. What do you think of their hypothesis, Brenna? 

Brenna: That is a wonderful hypothesis. And I just wanted to start by saying that this is one of the best things about citizen science program. This is not citizen data collection. This is citizen science. So this is people asking questions and forming hypotheses. And they collect data and they get to see the data and they can, you know, determine if what they're wondering is correct or not.

I just love that this is a question in here that someone asked, because it means that they're really thinking about the data and what it means, and whether it matches up with their hypothesis. So good job to the third graders at Lincoln, the schools that were involved in our Bird Collision Corps Program. Yeah. They did not find many birds.

I think there were two at one of the schools and none at another. So that's a really good thought that there was something happening at the schools that might scare the birds away. However, I do think that a lot of birds would be active before there are kids and staff people at the school. you know, birds wake up really early to forage and move around, and usually people aren't even awake yet at that time.

So I don't know that we can say that that's the reason why we didn't find any collisions. And I know that these students worked really hard on their surveys, so I don't doubt that it's a survey problem. I think everybody did a great job with their surveys. My guess is that it has to do with the buildings themselves, because so much of the window collision problem happens because of how the windows at that particular place are reflecting, or are transparent enough that the bird wants to fly at it.

So it's very, very site specific. 

Mickenzee: Okay.

Brenna:  And, you know, if there is a really big flowering tree next to a window, a bird is more likely to fly at it. A lot of schools don't have a ton of landscaping like that right around the schools. You know, there tends to be trees that are set back a little bit in order for, you know, people to be able to see in and out of the windows and make the doors more open and playground areas more open.

So I think schools tend to have fewer collisions in general because of that. You know, landscaping tendency. 

Mickenzee: Oh yeah. 

Brenna: And there are some schools that I've been to that do have a lot of problems with collisions. So it's not an overall rule. It's just, you know, kind of a trend. So there was a school that was part of our Bird Collision Corps program in, I want to say 2019, a school in Middleton: Cromie Elementary.

And the students there found 12 birds, over the course of that year that had hit windows. So that's an example of a school that did find a lot. 

Mickenzee: Yeah. 

Brenna: Even though it's, you know, it's an elementary school just like Lincoln. it's just the setting is different. What the birds are seeing in the windows are different. And so the problem is different.

Mickenzee: And it's so cool that you have multiple different schools to look at. So you can narrow down, you know, different ideas about what you think might be happening. 

Highly reflective and disorienting windows (photo by Brenna Mariscek/SoWBA).

Brenna: Definitely. Yeah. It is really interesting. You know, you do a walk around the building and you look in the window to see what you can see in the reflection and sort of put on your bird lens in a way, you know, to see what a bird might see and why they would want to fly at the window. If they see a really tantalizing tree in the reflection, or if they see through one set of windows, and then on the other side of the room, there's another set of windows, and they think they can just fly straight through and be able to get out the other side. 

It is interesting to be able to walk around buildings and see what birds might see. You know, you kind of never see a building the same way again once you start using your bird lens, because then you are always noticing these places that would be problematic for birds. 

Mickenzee: Yeah. 

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If you are interested in learning more about Bird Collisions Corps, or getting involved  in other citizen science projects, please head to our website swibirds.org and go on over to the Engage tab and click on Citizen Science. This is where you can find projects like Bird Collision Corps, and more of the projects that Brenna mentioned in part 1! Don’t forget to check out our Events Calendar to see what field trips and education opportunities are coming up. If you would like to learn more about birds and migration please head to the Education tab and under Free Lessons and Activities you will find games like Migration Obstacle Course.

 And please please please be sure to come back and listen to part 3 to learn all about what we can do to help birds avoid glass. 

If you have a big nature question that you would like to have answered, please have a grown up or teacher submit your question to info@swibirds.org with the title “Questions for QuACK.” Make sure to include your grade and school that you attend so I can give you a shout out! 

Thanks for tuning in and I hope you join us next time on QuACK

Part Three

Hey and welcome to Questions Asked by Curious Kids or, QuACK, a podcast made by Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance.This is a podcast where we gather questions about nature from kids to be answered with a local expert. My name is Mickenzee. I’m an educator and  I’ll be the host for this series. This is part three, and the final part, to our bird collisions episode where we’ll be talking all about solutions for birds hitting windows. If you haven’t listened to part one and two, I recommend starting there! Alrighty, here we go!

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Mickenzee: Okay. So finally we want to know what are ways that people can help birds to stop flying into windows? 

Brenna: Yeah. Great question I love the solutions question. So the main thing that we want to do to help birds from hitting windows is to reduce the reflection and reduce the transparency.

And so when you think about this, it's a window. Of course it's going to be transparent. And of course it's shiny, it's going to have a reflection. But there are things that we can do that still make the window a window for people that we can see out of and look into, but also more visible to birds. So that's the goal: Reduce the reflection and reduce the transparency, but still allow people to use them as windows. So there are a lot of different what's called a window treatment that you can put on the glass. So this might be stickers that you put on the outside of the glass or some kind of string that's put on the outside of the home or the building in front of the windows and it dangles down, or there are different types of paint that you can put on the glass.

Window collision tape (photo by Brenna Marsicek/SoWBA).

So there are tons of options, some of the most popular ones that we see and know people like in this part of Wisconsin is the dots that are they're really small. So they're like about the size of a pencil eraser. And you space them out two inches wide and two inches tall. And so you end up with like a grid with these dots on it.

The two inch rule is really important with this because there are organizations like American Bird Conservancy who has done research that shows that if the space is more than two inches apart, if something is like 4 or 5 inches away from something else, the birds will try and fly into that space in between. You know, the whatever's on the window, because they're really acrobatic and they're great fliers.

Window treated with window collision tape (photo by Brenna Marsicek/SoWBA).

So the spacing is important. It shouldn't be any more than two inches apart from each other. So these dots are they're really cool. They come on like a long tape and the tape is kind of sticky. And you put it on to the window and you really press it on the window, and you pull back the tape and just the stickers. The dots remain on the glass—

Mickenzee: Oh nice.

Brenna: —So it ends up looking really cool. And people can see the dots, but it's sort of like an insect screen where, you know, if you're looking at it, you can see it, but then your eyes really quickly learn to look past it. 

Mickenzee: Yeah. 

Brenna: And so you can still look out the window and enjoy the day, but the birds can see that there's something solid there. And it signals to them that that's not a tree that they can fly to. They have to go a different direction. 

Mickenzee: Yeah. Making the glass more visible for them. 

Zen curtains hung up in a window (photo by Susan Frikken).

Brenna: Exactly, yeah. There are other ways to do it. You know, you can make these curtains called zen curtains or Acopian BirdSavers.

And this is a material. It's a curtain that's made out of paracord, which is something they use in parachutes, which is why it's called paracord. So it's kind of like a slippery nylon string. And you basically just, like, make them dangle down in front of the window so that they kind of sway in the breeze and move around.

They can be spaced out a little bit further than two inches. So this one can be like 3 or 4 inches apart because they're moving and that kind of makes up for the spacing issues. So the birds will see these curtains on the outside of the glass and know that this is not something that they can fly towards. So there are lots of different solutions like that.

Some of them are really good for schools. Some of them are not good for schools, some are great for homes, but not for big buildings. And so you kind of just pick and choose what you like the style of and what you can afford and what you might keep up for the longest amount of time to be able to help birds the most.

Mickenzee: Yeah, definitely. Okay, so to recap, we learned about why glass is tricky for birds and bats too, and how we can use citizen science to answer our own big questions. And yeah, I learned so much today. Thank you to the third graders at Lincoln Elementary School for submitting your big questions. And thank you, Brenna, for coming to teach us.

Brenna: Of course. Thank you for having me and for all these great questions.

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If you are interested in learning more about Bird Collisions Corps, or getting involved  in other citizen science projects, please head to our website swibirds.org and go on over to the Engage tab and click on Citizen Science. This is where you can find projects like Bird Collision Corps, and more of the projects that Brenna mentioned in part 1! Don’t forget to check out our Events Calendar to see what field trips and education opportunities are coming up. If you would like to learn more about birds and migration, please head to the Education tab and under Free Lessons and Activities you will find games like Migration Obstacle Course, which highlight the struggles that birds face during migration.

And if you have a big nature question that you would like to have answered, please have a grown up or teacher submit your question to info@swibirds.org with the title Questions for QuACK. Make sure to include your grade and school you attend so I can give you a shout out! 

Thanks for tuning in and I hope you join us next time on QuACK.


Check out SoWBA’s free lessons, games, and activities!⁠

⁠Get out and explore nature with us! 

Make a donation to Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance

Audio Editing and Transcription by Mickenzee Okon

Logo design by Caroyn Byers and Kaitlin Svabek

Music: “The Forest and the Trees” by Kevin MacLeod

*All banding, marking, and sampling is conducted using established protocols under a federally authorized Bird Banding Permit from the USGS Bird Banding Laboratory.*

Ep 001: Bird Migration with Bob Honig

Bob and Maggie Honig at the Moquah Barrens State Natural Area (photo courtesy of Bob Honig).

In this episode, we answer questions like “where do birds migrate to?” and “do birds migrate at a certain time of day?” and learn about things like a baby crane’s first migration and the River of Raptors with our bird migration expert Bob Honig!

Click the play button below to listen to the episode, or scroll past to see the transcription of the episode with some helpful images!

Subscribe to QuACK on Spotify, iHeart Radio, Apple Podcasts, or your favorite podcast app!

Transcription

Hey and welcome to Questions Asked by Curious Kids or QuACK, a podcast made by Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance. This is a podcast where we gather questions about nature from kids to be answered with a local expert. My name is Mickenzee; I'm an educator and I'll be the host for this series. This episode I'll be interviewing Bob Honig, a member and volunteer at Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance. Today, he'll be answering questions all about bird migration. Okay, let's jump in with Bob!

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Mickenzee: Hey, Bob, and welcome to the show. Before we get started with the questions from the kids, can you tell us a little bit about your connection to Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance?

Bob: Well, I volunteer with the Bird Alliance in several ways: I am on the Bird Collision Corps monitoring collisions with buildings, I monitor American Kestrel nest boxes, and I give presentations and lead field trips. And usually I do all those activities with my wife, Maggie. It's a nice way for us to spend time together and do it for a good cause.

Mickenzee: That's so great and this episode is all about migration, specifically bird migration. Can you tell us about your connection to birds and maybe why you like them so much?

Bob: Well, I studied biology and ecology in grad school, and that got me out into the field. And I learned a lot from other people who knew a lot more than I did, spending time with them in the field. And birds, birds were my introduction into watching nature. I got hooked when I saw thousands of Canada geese fly into a marsh at sunset on the coast of New Jersey. I'd never seen anything like that before, and it was really thrilling. And I also like dragonflies especially, but I like to look at most anything in nature.

Mickenzee: Yeah, we're more than just bird lovers over at the Bird Alliance.

Bob: Absolutely.

Mickenzee: All of our questions today were submitted by the third graders at Lincoln Elementary School here in Madison. Our first question today is where do birds migrate to?

Arctic Tern in shock over how many miles it migrates! (photo by USFWS).

Bob: Well, birds migrate to where there is abundant food and also where there are places for them to nest. So what people are most familiar with is migration from one region to another. In particular, to have a lot of food to feed their young. For example, the birds we see here in Wisconsin in the summer are here to nest because there are lots of insects and seeds and berries to eat and to feed their young. Many of these birds migrate south in autumn to the southern United States, or even farther to the tropics for the winter, and then they migrate back again in the spring. And many of the birds we see here in the winter migrate north to nest in the summer. And a fun fact the longest known migration of any animal is that of the Arctic Tern, a type of bird closely related to gulls. The Arctic Tern can migrate about 25,000 miles each year as it moves from near the North Pole to near the South Pole in Antarctica and back.

Mickenzee: That's really impressive.

Dark-eyed Junco formerly called the Northern Junco (photo by Kelly Colgan Azar).

Bob: Yeah, and some birds don't change regions at all. But move down from high in the mountains to down lower and back. For example, weather near the peaks of the Rocky Mountains can get very extreme and unfavorable in winter. So birds that nest way up there will move to lowlands in the winter. One bird example of this is the Yellow-eyed Junco, a bird that's found in the southwestern United States and it's a very close relative to a bird called the Northern Junco, they're types of sparrows and the Northern Junco, I mean, excuse me, the Dark-eyed Junco is a type of sparrow that's very common in the Madison area in the winter and moves north in the summer.

Mickenzee: Definitely. Yeah. So it's not just moving distance, but also altitude.

Bob: Exactly.

Mickenzee: All right. And this question asker wonders, do birds time their flights to a certain time of day? Maybe like sunrise?

This Broad-winged Hawk kettle is just a fraction of the number of hawks one might see in the River of Hawks (photo by Andy Reago & Chrissy McClarren).

Bob: Yes they can. And different times for different birds. Most birds migrate at night. This is when the air is generally calmer and the cooler temperatures help keep the birds from overheating, and it reduces chances that they will become prey for hawks and other daytime predators. Some of the birds that migrate at night, for example, are flycatchers, thrushes, warblers, and sparrows. But some birds migrate during the day. Among these are birds that can soar on updrafts caused by rising warm air or breezes deflected upward by ridges and mountains. That saves energy for birds like hawks and cranes. Hawks also are sometimes seen migrating by hundreds or thousands even. They often wait until late morning, when the air is warmed and updrafts start before they start to migrate. There's a place in Mexico called the River of Raptors, where you might see over 200,000 migrating hawks in a single day.

Mickenzee: Woah. That's a lot of hawks.

Bob: That's a lot of hawk over a course of one migration season. Millions.

Mickenzee: Yeah. Wow. That's amazing.

Blue Jays queuing up (photoby Audrey R Hoff).

Bob: And then there's some birds we don't normally think of as migrating, but they actually migrate in large numbers. For example, Blue Jays. I wasn't aware they migrated much at all, but they migrate out of the northern part of their nesting range in autumn. On September 10th, 2023, over 14,000 Blue Jays were counted migrating past Hawk Ridge Reserve in Duluth, Minnesota. I was never aware that they moved in numbers like that before a year or two ago.

Mickenzee: Yeah, you see them all year round, but I guess maybe those are different Blue Jays you're seeing.

Bob: Yep. Exactly.

Mickenzee: All right. Our next question is do birds migrate when it's stormy?

Bob: Well, migrating birds tend to avoid stormy weather. Strong headwinds or rain or snow can force flying birds to expend a lot more energy, so they want to avoid that. And they'll try to take advantage of favorable conditions, like good weather and winds that are blowing them in the direction they want to go. But if birds are caught unaware and caught in a severe storm that they can't avoid, some may not survive and others can be blown far off course and get into places where they aren't usually found.

Mickenzee: Yeah. That reminds me of the flamingos that we saw in Milwaukee not very long ago.

Bob: Yes. Very likely storm storms had something to do with that.

Mickenzee: Yeah. Okay. So our next question is, do birds migrate with their families and babies?

Bob: Most do not. In fact, for some types of birds, males, females and youngsters all migrate at different times, but some do migrate in family groups. For example, Sandhill Crane youngsters stay with their parents for 9 to 10 months, including during their first fall migration. They usually separate from their parents during their first spring migration back north. It's similar with Whooping Cranes.

Flock of cranes in V-formation (photo via Pixabay).

Mickenzee: Okay. I didn't know that, that they go in different waves of the different groups. Okay. And now this student noticed that geese and some other birds form in a "V" when flying in a group. And they would like to know why do they do that?

Bob: Well, they fly in a V-formation to reduce the energy they expend while flying. The motion of the birds wings creates an upward movement of air during part of the wing beat, and the birds that follow behind will time their flapping to take advantage of that, and they switch which bird is in the lead so the extra effort isn't on a single bird all the time.

Mickenzee: Oh, okay. Cool. So it's ways to save energy and just like some other adaptations that we talk about.

Bob: Yep.

Mickenzee: Okay. I feel like I learned so much today about migration. Thank you to the Lincoln third graders for submitting your questions. And thank you, Bob, for coming on to teach us.

Bob: It's my pleasure.

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If you are interested in learning more about bird migration or getting involved with our programs, please head to our website at swibirds.org and check out the free lessons, games and activities like migration obstacle course, as well as the event calendar and citizen science program so you could sign up for things like Bird Collision Corps, which I'll be talking about with Brenna Marsicek in the next episode.

If you have a big nature question that you'd like to have answered, please have a grown up or teacher submit your question to info@swibirds.org with the title Questions for QuACK. Make sure to include your grade in the school that you attend so I can give you a shout out. Thanks for tuning in and I hope you join us next time on QuACK!


Check out SoWBA’s free lessons, games, and activities!⁠

⁠Get out and explore nature with us! 

Make a donation to Southern Wisconsin Bird Alliance

Audio Editing and Transcription by Mickenzee Okon

Logo design by Carolyn Byers and Kaitlin Svabek

Music: “The Forest and the Trees” by Kevin MacLeod